Fig. 3: Rupture velocity vs time.

Each point (square) represents the rupture velocity estimated from the location of the radiating points 10 s apart and is located on the x scale at the center of the 10 s. So, the first point displays the rupture propagation velocity during the first 10 s of the earthquake. Y-uncertainties have been fixed after applying our approach to synthetic signals and computing the oscillations of the solutions around the expected mean value, as described in the “Methods” and in Supplementary Note 1. The red line shows the STF, while the black dotted line displays the mean slip rate averaged over the longitude range of 37°–37.5°, which broadly encloses the fault segment activated during the first 25 s of the rupture. Both STF and slip rates are shown after6. A good agreement between the time history of the rupture velocity and of the cumulative slip and its rate is clearly visible.