Fig. 1: Modeling robust adaptation strategies for the water-energy-food-ecosystem (WEFE) nexus for basins in the Andes-Amazon.

A Topography and SWAT model set up for case study, the Huallaga River Basin upstream of the Chaglla Dam (thick dashed outline), and 3 stations used for model calibration. B Landuse map of the upper Huallaga River. C Modeling the WEFE nexus under climate change is of regional importance. The region has significant existing (blue square) and future (orange circle) hydropower potential, accounting for nearly 42 GW33,34,69, and offers opportunities to increase food production through expanding irrigation (green)29.