Fig. 1: Tectonic setting of northeast China and the distribution of seismic stations.

a Distribution of the potassic (purple patches) and sodic (green patches) rocks in northeast China. The inset shows the geographic location of the study region. Changbaishan (CBS), Jingpohu (JPH), Halaha (HLH), Great Xing’an Ranges (GXAR), Lesser Xing’an Ranges (LXAR), Songliao basin (SLB), Tanlu fault (TLF). b Variations of K2O versus Na2O at the Nuominhe (NMH), Xiaogulihe (XGH), Keluo (KL), Wudalianchi (WDLC), and Erkeshan (EKS) volcanoes4. c Seismic stations used in this study for full-wave ambient noise tomography. The yellow and green squares denote the WAVESArray I and WAVESArray II seismic stations, respectively. The WAVESArray I contains 46 portable stations from August 2015 to April 2019, whereas the WAVESArray II contains 60 temporary stations from July 2016 to April 2019. The blue and green squares mark the locations of the station pairs for waveform fitting in Fig. 2. The red volcanic symbols denote potassic basalt volcanoes.