Fig. 4: Linking microbial stability, diversity-soil multifunctionality relationship, and GWP.

A The linear relationship between microbial stability and diversity-soil multifunctionality relationship. B SEM describing the effects of freeze-thaw strength, maximum thawing depth, soil properties, and microbial stability on diversity-soil multifunctionality relationship and GWP. Single-headed arrows indicate the hypothesized direction of causation. Red solid lines indicate significantly positive relationships, blue solid lines indicate significantly negative relationships, red dotted lines indicate non-significantly positive relationships, and blue dotted lines indicate non-significantly negative relationships. The arrow width is proportional to the strength of the relationship. C Bar graphs are the standardized effects from the SEM on the microbial diversity-soil multifunctionality relationship and GWP. Soil properties represent the first component by the principal component analysis for soil temperature, water content, pH, porosity, dry sieving-mean weight diameter, wet-sieving mean weight diameter, and belowground biomass. GWP global warming potential. Asterisks indicate the statistical significance (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05).