Table 3 Annual mortality estimates for the Palangka Raya area attributable to landscape fire smoke exposure

From: Catastrophic impact of extreme 2019 Indonesian peatland fires on urban air quality and health

Year

Estimated Annual Deaths in Exposure Cell

Background non-fire PM2.5 Concentration (µg . m−3)

Annual Average PM2.5 concentration (µg . m−3)

Smoke specific PM2.5 concentration (µg . m−3)

Chronically affected attributable mortality

2003

4106

17.9

33.84

15.94

419

2004

4121

11.63

41.84

30.21

797

2005

4170

10.28

30.77

20.49

547

2006

4078

11.6

78.21

66.61

1305

2007

4069

9.87

15.37

5.5

143

2008

4049

12.54

14.21

1.67

43

2009

4044

14.35

57.7

43.35

1122

2010

4019

10.01

9.59

−0.42a

−11

2011

4063

11.54

30.48

18.94

492

2012

4060

12.2

31.2

19

494

2013

4112

15.85

23.65

7.8

205

2014

4119

10.28

59.2

48.92

1290

2015

4190

10.83

91.87

81.04b

1341

2016

4240

9.35

11.22

1.87

51

2017

4287

9.04

11.45

2.42

66

2018

4379

12.14

19.99

7.85

220

2019

4391

13.03

56.56

43.56

1223

  1. Values are used to calculate the final annual mortality estimate (last column) using the method of ref. 97 and ref. 41. Annual number of deaths in exposure cell are calculated from population estimate for exposure cell, and World Bank death rate (mean 2015–2018) for Indonesia. Modelled airborne PM2.5 mass concentrations are from CAMS EAC4 dataset.
  2. aCalculation is negative as lack of fire activity means annual average is lower than non-fire season.
  3. bThis is capped at 50 µg . m−3 in the mortality calculation97.
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