Correction to: Communications Earth & Environment https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01802-z, published online 30 October 2024

The original version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 2, in which the value of the upward shortwave radiation (labelled “Reflect by surface”) was incorrectly shown as 25+/−3. The correct value is 24+/−3. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.