Fig. 1: Distribution of mortality rate at the city level (359 cities) and regional level in China.

a Spatial distribution of all-cause mortality rate caused by PM2.5 at the city level; b spatial distribution of PM2.5-related mortality rate without dietary changes; c spatial distribution of PM2.5-related mortality rate specifically induced by dietary changes at the city level; d the relative mortality rate (represented by: regional average/national average) at regional level. The spatial distribution of (e) agricultural and (f) food functional regions. Agricultural regions include Southwest (SW), Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Huang–Huai–Hai (HHH), Middle and Lower Yangtze River (MLYR), and South China (SC). Food functional regions include net food-producing region (FP), net food-consuming region (FC), and food-balanced region (i.e., regions with balanced food supply and demand, FB).