Fig. 1: Air pollution damages from wildfire and prescribed burn emissions by source and receptor.

a Smoke damage mapped at the census tract level. The color scale is log-transformed. b Smoke damages totaled at the state level. States are ordered from left to right by most-to-least total wildland fire smoke damages, averaged between those by source location and those by receptor location. a, b Data characterize 2017. Damages are in 2020 U.S. dollars. Wildfire smoke damages are out of $99.4 billion in total. Prescribed burn smoke damages are out of $101 billion total. Sources are where and from what emissions are generated. Receptors are where pollution is experienced. See Supplementary Fig. 22 for smoke PM2.5 by census tract from wildfires and prescribed burns. See Supplementary Note 1 for additional analysis and discussion of state-level fire smoke damages. Mapping uses the rgdal R package117. Plotting uses the ggplot2 R package118.