Fig. 5: Forecast visualization of wind speed forecast results of YingLong model.

a Forecasts in ED with forecast initialization time at 2022-11-10 00:00 UTC, and lead time is 36 h (first row) and 48 h (second row). The three columns on the left hand side are HRRR.A, YingLong-HRRR.F24, and HRRR.F results at the corresponding forecast time. The two columns on the right hand side are the spatial distributions of MAE of YingLong-HRRR.F24 and HRRR.F using HRRR.A as benchmark. b Forecast visualization of wind speed forecast results in WD are initialized at 2022-02-17 00:00 UTC.