Table 3 Time series studies evaluating the influence of climate and ecological parameters on temporal trends of legacy POP bioaccumulation in Antarctic marine populations (additional information in Supplementary Table 4)

Species and tissue	Region	Reported climate parameter	Reported ecological parameter	Chemicals	Influence on trend	Years	Ref.
Emerald rockcod (T. bernacchii), muscle, liver	Ross Sea	↑Ross Ice Shelf calving, 2000–2003	Not evaluated	PCBs, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, HCB	↓	1981–2010	²⁹
Emerald rockcod (T. bernacchii), muscle, liver	Ross Sea	↑Ross Ice Shelf calving, 2000–2003	Not evaluated	PCBs, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, HCB	↑	2001–2005	²⁹
Humped rockcod (G. gibberifrons), blackfin icefish (C. aceratus), liver	Elephant Island	Not evaluated	Trophic position/benthos feeder	PCB-153, nonachlors, toxaphene congener, p,p’-DDE, mirex	↑	1987–1996	⁹¹
Adelie penguin (P. adeliae), subcutaneous fat (collected corpses)	Palmer Archipelago; Cape Crozier, Ross Island	Not evaluated	Sea ice foraging behavior (no link to prey trophic level)	p,p’-DDT:p,p’-DDE ratio	↓	1964–2006	²⁴⁷
	Palmer Archipelago; Cape Crozier, Ross Island	Not evaluated	Sea ice foraging behavior (no link to prey trophic level)	∑DDT	↔↑^a	1964–2006	²⁴⁷
Adelie (P. adeliae) and Emperor (A. forsteri) penguins, snow petrel (P. nivea), Skua (C. maccormicki), eggs	Bransfield Strait	Not evaluated	Migration patterns	∑PCBs, ∑HCHs, ∑DDT	↔	1994–2005	²⁴⁸
Humpback whale (M. novaeangliae), blubber	Ross Sea, East Antarctica; Brainsfield Strait, Western Antarctica	↓sea ice	Feeding conditions	ΣPCBs, ΣDDT, HCB	↑	2008–2013	^206,221

^aWhile ratios of p,p’-DDT to p,p’-DDE were reported to decline (suggesting older sources of DDT), in one penguin population (Western Antarctic Peninsula) the ∑DDT did not decline with ↑p,p’-DDT suggesting an ongoing source (e.g., glacial meltwater, continuing use/emissions).
↑ Increasing trend, ↓ Decreasing trend, ↔ No statistically significant trend change and no apparent influence of climate or ecological factors when reported, AO Arctic Oscillation, CHL Chlordane, DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDD Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, DDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, HCB Hexachlorobenzene, HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane, nonachlors CHL impurity includes cis and trans isomers, NAO North Atlantic Oscillation, PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls, PFAS Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.

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