Table 4 Summary of biological effects reported with dual exposures to climate change drivers and POP exposures relevant to marine biota (additional information in Supplementary Table 3)
From: Climate change drives persistent organic pollutant dynamics in marine environments
Climate parameter | Endpoints evaluated | Principal receptor | Principal effects and POP co-exposure | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Increasing water temperature | Toxicokinetics | Teleosts: Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) Marine medaka (O melastigma) | • ↑accumulation (PCBs, DDT), ↑metabolism/↓half-life (PCBs), ↑bioactivation to OH-PCBs • ↑distribution PFOS, PFHxS to liver, brain, blood • Organ- and temperature-specific elimination t1/2 (PFOS, PFHxS); longest t1/2 at 7 °C in liver, 11 °C in brain, and 19 °C in kidney | |
Amphibians: Leopard frog (L. pipiens) | • ↑uptake, elimination in tadpoles with ↑rearing temperature; null effects on steady-state tissue levels (PCBs, PBDEs) | |||
Invertebrates: Water flea (D. magna) | • ↑accumulation with increasing chain length (PFDoA > PFDA > PFOA) | |||
Toxicity | Teleosts: Silver perch (B. bidyanus) Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) Rainbow fish (M. duboulayi) Western carp gudgeon (H. klunzingeri) Zebrafish (D. rerio) Arctic char (S. alpinus) White seabream (D. sargus) European flounder (P. flesus) | • ↑mortality, multiple species; coldwater-acclimated species potentially more sensitive (endosulfan) • ↓time to effects (endosulfan) • ↑developmental effects, reduced survival (endosulfan; PCBs) • ↑anxiety responses (BDE-209) • ↓body size (ΣPCBs, ΣPBDEs) | ||
Amphibians: Striped marsh frog (L. peronii) | • ↓tadpole body size, growth, ↑predation (endosulfan) | |||
Invertebrates: Hood coral (S. pistillata) Water flea (D. magna) | • ↓photosynthesis, ↑oxidative stress (coral, PFOS) • Synergistic effects on immobilization (D. magna; PFAS mixture of PFDoA, PFDA, PFOA) | |||
Thermal tolerances | Teleosts: Silver perch (B. bidyanus) Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) Rainbow fish (M. duboulayi) Western carp gudgeon (H. klunzingeri) Marine medaka (O. melastigma) European flounder (P. flesus), | • ↓cTmax temperature, multiple species; coldwater fish possibly more sensitive than warmwater fish (endosulfan) • ↓thermal acclimation capacity in POP exposed/adapted fish populations (ΣPCBs, ΣPBDEs) • ↓thermal tolerance and stress responses, switch to anaerobic respiration (DDT) | ||
Bioenergetics | Teleosts: European flounder (P. flesus) White seabream (D. sargus) | • ↓lipid across tissues (PCB-153) • ↓lipid/altered energy allocation (BDE-209) • ↓mitochondrial energy metabolism in PCB/PBDE adapted populations • Altered lipid homeostasis, ↓burst speed (p,p’-DDE pesticide mix) | ||
Increasing acidification | Toxicokinetics, endocrine effects | Teleosts: Atlantic cod (G. morhua) | • Hypercapnia and PFOS ↑sex steroids (17β-estradiol, testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone) | |
Mollusks: Mediterranean mussel (M. galloprovincialis), Manila clam (R. philippinarum) | • Acidification ↓bioaccumulation in bivalve (PFOA, PFOS); addition of warming negated ↓bioaccumulation of PFOS • Acidification ↑bioaccumulation of dechloranes in bivalve, including with warming added | |||
Echinoderms: Sea urchin (P. lividus) | • ↓sperm motility and fertilization success with acidification alone; null effects of PFOS (short 30 min exposure complicates interpretation) | |||
Increasing salinity | Osmoregulation | Teleosts: Tilapia (S. melanotheron) | • Perturbed osmoregulatory responses in saltwater-adapted fish (DDT) |
