Fig. 6: Grounding line, ice shelf basal melt and calving fluxes in transient runs B and C during MIS 12 to present.

Lines are coloured by grounded ice extent and marked every 500 years. In each case, hysteresis is clockwise. Starting in a cold (glacial) ocean state, fluxes all increase with increasing ocean temperature while the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) remains in its glaciated state (green shading). At ocean temperatures close to present-day, calving fluxes start to decrease while grounding line and basal melt fluxes continue increasing. As WAIS tips to its deglaciated state (transition to purple shading), all fluxes decrease sharply in response to the reduction in ice sheet extent. In the deglaciated WAIS state and during subsequent tipping back to a glaciated state, grounding line and ice shelf basal melt fluxes both decrease as ocean temperature decreases, while calving remains relatively steady.