Fig. 3: Coefficients and confidence intervals of Lasso-selected indicators that constitute the composite diversity metric (CDM) for each pesticide group.
From: Crop diversity reduces pesticide use more efficiently with refined diversification strategies
a Total TFI; b Herbicide TFI; c Fungicide TFI; d Insecticide TFI; e Other TFI. Unselected indicators corresponding to nil lasso coefficients are shown in the grey area. Error bars represent confidence intervals of the Lasso-selected indicators computed by the bootstrap method. Richness, the number of crops in the cropping system; Evenness, the evenness indicator21; Proportional abundance, Simpson inverse diversity index22,23; Dominance, the Berger–Parker index24 (i.e. the proportion of the maximum crop); Prop.T.grassland, the proportion of temporary grassland; T.grassland, the presence of temporary grassland; Prop.Intercrop, the proportion of intercrops; Intercrop, the presence of intercrops; Prop.Cover crop, the proportion of cover crops; Cover crop, the presence of cover crops; N.Families, the number of botanical families; Prop.Poaceae, the proportion of Poaceae; Poaceae, the presence of Poaceae; Prop.Faba., the proportion of Fabaceae; Fabaceae, the presence of Fabaceae; Prop.Bras., the proportion of Brassicaceae; Brassicaceae, the presence of Brassicaceae; Prop.Other, the proportion of other botanical families; Other, the presence of other botanical families; N.Sowing.Seasons, the number of sowing seasons; Prop.Spring, the proportion of spring-sown crops; Spring, the presence of spring-sown crops; Prop.Summer, the proportion of summer-sown crops; Summer, the presence of summer-sown crops; Prop.Autumn, the proportion of autumn-sown crops; Autumn, the presence of autumn-sown crops; Prop.Winter, the proportion of winter-sown crops; Winter, the presence of winter-sown crops.
