Fig. 4: Schematic presentation of the climate-ocean redox change before (~580–574 Ma) and during (~574–567 Ma) the Shuram Excursion.

A Incongruent weathering and limited nutrient supply in an anoxic pre-SE world. B The rise of the Transgondwanan Supermountains caused continental uplift and injection of CO2 into the atmosphere, leading to global warming, accelerated hydrological cycle, possible sea-level rise, and enhanced, near-congruent continental weathering during the SE. Enhanced continental weathering profoundly increases the nutrient inputs to the ocean and boosts primary production, leading to an oxygenation event and possibly the negative δ13Ccarb excursion by oxidizing the dissolved organic carbon reservoir on the continental shelf. DOC: dissolved organic carbon. DIC: dissolved inorganic carbon.