Fig. 3: Axial topographic torque versus reduced Rayleigh number.
From: Turbulence in Earth’s core generates large topographic torques on the mantle
a Raw (unscaled) fluctuating axial torque and b torque normalized by the predicted asymptotic scaling, ϵ/Ek. The reduced Rayleigh number is defined by \(\widetilde{Ra}=RaE{k}^{4/3}\).
