Fig. 3: Buffers around two Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certified mills in Indonesia overlaid on oil palm producer and administrative land zoning categories.

Circles with radii of 10, 20, 40, and 80 km illustrate the effect of different assumptions on land cover included in the buffer. In both (A; province of Riau, Sumatra) and (B; province of Central Kalimantan, Kalimantan), the concession boundary associated with the certified mill falls between the 10 and 20 km buffers, and dozens of other mills fall within the 80 km buffer. Administrative land zones are Kawasan Hutan (KH; State Forest), where oil palm plantations are generally illegal, and Areal Penggunaan Lain (APL; Other Use Areas), where plantations can be legally established¹²¹. These are intersected with remotely sensed industrial and independent smallholder oil palm plantation lands⁷⁰.