Fig. 4: A comprehensive portfolio of 39 flood adaptation measures.

Synthesized from the literature and classified into four categories: Infrastructural/Technological, Institutional, Behavioral/Cultural, and Nature-Based. To aid interpretation, the dominant flood drivers (pluvial, riverine, and coastal) associated with each measure are indicated using color-coded circles. These visual cues help illustrate the typical application contexts and hazard relevance for each adaptation measure.