Table 1 Characterization of DNA threads from pristine and gamma irradiated rock samples (D₁ = 0.86 MGy and D₂ = 10.45 MGy) across various rock formation ages and composition, compared to a blank sample of nuclease-free water

3 replicates (0.5 g)	T ±σ_T	L ± σ_L	GC ±σ_GC	Q± σ_Q	K (MGy^-1)	TOC (ppm) ±σ_TOC
Blank	153,239 ± 122,063	63 ± 10.47	41.33 ± 5.13	3.13 ± 0.23	-	-
Microbialite (\(\sim\)2800 a)	3,813,449 ± 1,392,360	659.23 ± 362.37	59 ± 1.73	8.5 ± 0.85	-	63,262.30 ± 9230.3
Microbialites (\(\sim\)2800 a), 0.86 MGy	1,403,205 ± 835,166	169.53 ± 41.75	48.33 ± 4.73	4.97 ± 0.67	1.161 ± 0.585	18,870.40 ± 3951.4
Microbialites (\(\sim\)2800 a), 10.45 MGy	665,510 ± 247,034	189.33 ± 64.77	44.33 ± 3.79	3.9 ± 0.75	0.168 ± 0.085	42,841.36 ± 17,660.5
Stromatolites (\(\sim\)541 Ma)	748,005 ± 500,367	216 ± 65.76	45.67 ± 2.52	4.33 ± 0.71	-	448.79 ± 213.7
Stromatolites (\(\sim\)541 Ma), 10.45 MGy	917,383 ± 427,995	210.5 ± 43.59	49.67 ± 2.52	3.87 ± 0.72	-	182.75 ± 16.4
Oxide iron formation (∼2930 Ma)	1,097,511 ± 370,325	199.33 ± 76.46	44.33 ± 1.15	3.63 ± 0.21	-	8500 ± 1000⁴⁶
Oxide iron formation (\(\sim\)2930 Ma), 10.45 MGy	184,893 ± 15,993	150.37 ± 40.06	44 ± 5.00	3.57 ± 0.25	0.171 ± 0.080	-
Carbonate (\(\sim\)2930 Ma)	760,257 ± 475,632	140.03 ± 54.24	44 ± 1.00	3.57 ± 0.60	-	619.68 ± 304

Average and standard deviation of total amount of bases T, mean length L (in number of bases), mean GC % content — i.e., the percentage of number of guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases relative to the total number of sequenced bases, calculated as (G + C) / T × 100 —, and mean quality factor Q over three replicates. The radiolytic constant K after exposure to a dose D, is calculated comparing the total number of bases before and after irradiation. TOC was analysed independently from three to four replicates of the same sample type.
DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of rock per replicate.

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