Fig. 3: Circulation-driven mechanisms underlying streamflow decline and the role of Antarctic amplification. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 3: Circulation-driven mechanisms underlying streamflow decline and the role of Antarctic amplification.

From: Recent south-central Andes water crisis driven by Antarctic amplification is unprecedented over the last eight centuries

Fig. 3: Circulation-driven mechanisms underlying streamflow decline and the role of Antarctic amplification.

Surface temperature anomalies based on the Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation (PHYDA) product53, corresponding to the decline periods before the Second Industrial Revolution (a) and the recent most severe decline period (b). Anomalies are calculated based on the entire reconstructed period. The insets show results of the Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) testing123 the response of reconstructed streamflow to 40 La Niña events124 and 60 positive Southern Annular Mode (SAM) events125. The dashed line indicates the 95% significance level. c Spatial patterns of precipitation anomalies (shading, mm·day-1) & total water vapor transport anomalies (total quv, vectors, where uq and vq are multiplied by 1000, kg·m-1·s-1) associated with La Niña events in the Community Earth System Model-Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME) simulations77,78. d Spatial patterns of precipitation anomalies (shading, mm·day-1) & sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies (contours, Pa) associated with positive SAM events in the CESM-LME simulations. e Large-scale surface temperature (shading, °C) and SLP (contours, Pa) fields derived by regression using standardized spatial average surface temperatures around the Antarctic Peninsula (60°–90°S, 30°–110°W) in the CESM-LME simulations. f Warming trends since the 20th century based on Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature Anomaly Field97. The insets in (c–f) highlight relevant information about the study area.

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