Fig. 8: Constraint lines of F on water conservation and carbon storage.

The study basin is divided into 3376 grid cells with a spatial resolution of 10 × 10 km. The red solid line represents the constraint line, which is fitted from constraint points; the red solid dots are constraint points, generated by first splitting the scatter datasets of paired “landscape structure-water conservation capacity” or “landscape structure-carbon storage” into 100 equal groups, then sorting each group in ascending order, and finally extracting the 99th percentile of each group. a–d focus on the relationship between landscape structure and water conservation. The green dots in these 4 subplots are all obtained by matching the F index of each 10 × 10 km grid cell with the water conservation value of the corresponding grid cell according to the raster serial number (the definition of red elements is consistent with that in the previous text). Among them, (a) corresponds to the water conservation quantity in 1985, (b) to that in 2000, (c) to that in 2010, and (d) to that in 2022. e–h focus on the relationship between landscape structure and carbon storage, using the same matching method. Among them, (e) corresponds to the carbon storage in 1985, (f) to that in 2000, (g) to that in 2010, and panels (h) to that in 2022.