Table 1 Results of Tukey Post-hoc Test for Different Ecosystems from 1985–2022

From: Water-carbon-structure cascade effect nonlinearly impacts ecosystem production functions in monsoon basins

Indicator

Temporal Comparison

Rain-fed Cropland

Irrigated Cropland

Deciduous forest

Coniferous forest

PLAND

1985 vs. 2000

0.14

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

1985 vs. 2010

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

1985 vs. 2022

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

2000 vs. 2010

0.87

0.87

0.95

0.98

2000 vs. 2022

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

2010 vs. 2022

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

ED

1985 vs. 2000

p <0.05

0.62

p <0.05

p <0.05

1985 vs. 2010

p <0.05

0.40

p <0.05

p <0.05

1985 vs. 2022

p <0.05

0.71

p <0.05

p <0.05

2000 vs. 2010

0.61

0.98

1.00

1.00

2000 vs. 2022

p <0.05

0.10

p <0.05

p <0.05

2010 vs. 2022

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05

p <0.05