Table 5 Attribution of the mechanisms by which F influenced watershed water-carbon across different periods

From: Water-carbon-structure cascade effect nonlinearly impacts ecosystem production functions in monsoon basins

Year

F-Index Threshold

Attribution Analysis

Water

Carbon

1985

4.41

4.45

Regions with high F values exhibit strong functional stability; high landscape aggregation and low fragmentation maintain structural integrity and govern the upper limits of water and carbon processes.

2000

2.11/3.33/4.24

1.58/2.44

Fragmentation drives threshold differentiation; as patch density (PD) increases to 0.88, functional continuity weakens, and water-carbon responses exhibit multi-threshold behavior.

2010

2.06/3.94

1.90/2.72

Functional heterogeneity is amplified by the coordinated influence of shape complexity and diversity, with FD and IJI changes expanding the spacing between water-carbon thresholds.

2022

2.17/3.89

1.27/2.83/4.50

A resilience trade-off exists within the ecosystem structure, where variations between FD and PD influence the recovery of water and carbon processes.

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