Fig. 5: Ice particle size distribution (PSD) of representative contrail crossings from HEFA-SPK, Jet A-1 and blend fuel. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 5: Ice particle size distribution (PSD) of representative contrail crossings from HEFA-SPK, Jet A-1 and blend fuel.

From: Fuel sulfur content can modulate contrail ice crystal numbers

Fig. 5: Ice particle size distribution (PSD) of representative contrail crossings from HEFA-SPK, Jet A-1 and blend fuel.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

PSDs (gray dots) of a HEFA-SPK, b Jet A-1, and c blend fuel are normalized with respect to the maximum of the log-normal fit function of the main mode (blue). Low-sulfur Jet A-1 and medium-sulfur blend fuel contrail PSDs show two modes, a larger main (blue) and additionally a smaller secondary particle mode (yellow). The envelope (dashed black) represents the overall distribution. Ice particles larger than 3 μm have been observed previously9,87 and can potentially be assigned to ice particles from surrounding cirrus clouds and larger contrail ice particles.

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