Fig. 2: Wheat price and policy measures.

A Mediterranean wheat price based on individual grain, wheat and millet price reconstructions from Catalonia, Tuscany (Firenze, San Miniato, Siena), the Po Valley (Bologna and Parma), Cairo and Mekka (Supplementary Data S6-7). The record is expressed as z-scores with respect to 1300–1346 CE (mean of zero and standard deviation of one). B Grain policy measures in north-central Italy47.