Fig. 1: Spatiotemporal patterns of 3D urbanization in China’s urban agglomerations. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 1: Spatiotemporal patterns of 3D urbanization in China’s urban agglomerations.

From: A meta-coupling analysis between three-dimensional urbanization and ecosystem services in China’s urban agglomerations

Fig. 1: Spatiotemporal patterns of 3D urbanization in China’s urban agglomerations.

a The horizontal expansion of impervious surface area (ISA). The spatial patterns of vertical (b) and 3D urbanization (c) in 2020 (see Supplementary Figs. S1 and S2 for the results in 2005, 2010, and 2015). The dynamic changes of average HUII (d), VUII (e), and 3D-UII (f) across urban agglomerations from 2005 to 2020. The full names of urban agglomerations can be found in Supplementary Table S1. In addition, detailed descriptive statistical results for each urban agglomeration are available in Supplementary Tables S2, S3, and S5.

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