Fig. 2: Spatiotemporal patterns of ESVs in China’s urban agglomerations.

a The spatial patterns of the total ESV in 2020 (see Supplementary Fig. S3 for the results in 2005, 2010, and 2015). b The dynamic changes of the average total ESV across urban agglomerations from 2005 to 2020. c The average values of the 11 ESVs in 2020, with urban agglomerations arranged counterclockwise as the BTH, YRD, PRD, CC, MYD, SP, GFZC, CP, GP, BG, HC, SCL, CS, QZ, CY, HE, LX, CZYRN, and TNS. The full names are provided in Supplementary Table S1. In addition, detailed descriptive statistical results for the total ESV in each urban agglomeration are available in Supplementary Table S6, while the spatial distributions and other detailed descriptive statistical results for all 11 ESVs can be found in Supplementary Figs. S4–S9.