Fig. 4: Peri-CCD between 3D urbanization and ESVs in China’s urban agglomerations.

a The changes of peri-CCD between 3D urbanization and the total ESV in different urban agglomerations (see Supplementary Fig. S23 for the results of other service indicators). b The temporal trends of overall Gini coefficients measuring peri-CCD differences between multiple ESVs and 3D urbanization across urban agglomerations. c The sources of differences and the changes of contribution rates for peri-CCD, with results for 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 shown from bottom to top in each service categories. The full names are provided in Supplementary Table S1.