Fig. 5: The effects of four technologies.

a Cross-sectoral comparisons of the effects of four post-flood technological strategies. Figure 5a shows the total mitigation effects of UAV, LSD, Amap, and DW on MFLPs. The values of these total effects include the sum of direct and indirect effects based on structural equation models. b The relative importance of four technologies in promoting REE (mediator) across five urban sectors. This is obtained by comparing the path strength of the technical effect propagating through REE. c The relative importance of four technologies across five urban sectors. Here, the effect values are converted into percentages to obtain relative importance.