Table 1 Summary of main results
From: Unraveling pyroclastic density current dynamics with multiparameter geophysical sensing
Monitoring cameras (continuous recording) | Nodal seismometers (19/09/2022– 20/10/2022) | Broadband Seismometers (continuous recording) | DAS (19/09/2022– 30/01/2023) | Infrasound (continuous recording) | Granular flow numerical model (SHALTOP) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDC1 (2022/10/09) | Detected | Detected | Detected | Detected | Not detected | - |
Flow velocity [m/s] | 41.6 | 33.0 ± 2.3 | - | 24.3 ± 2.5 | - | - |
Flow volume [m3] | - | - | 17.6 ± 3.6 × 103 | 27.6 ± 5.4 × 103 | - | - |
Friction angle | - | - | - | - | - | ~27° |
Signal envelope | - | - | 1.1 × 10−6 [m2/s] | 3.7 × 10−10 [1/s] | - | - |
PDC2 (2022/12/04) | Detected | No data | Detected | Detected | Detected | - |
Flow velocity [m/s] | 59.2 | - | - | 56.6 ± 5.2 | 54.1 ± 10.9 | - |
Flow volume [m3] | 80.0 ± 9.0 × 103 | - | 80.0 ± 9.0 × 103 (from camera images) | 80.0 ± 9.0 × 103 (from camera images) | - | - |
Friction angle | - | - | - | - | - | ~21° |
Signal envelope | - | - | 4.5 × 10−6 [m2/s] | 9.6 × 10−10 [1/s] | - | - |
Small-scale gravitational flows after PDC1 | Detected | Detected | - | Detected | Not detected | - |
Precursory phase before PDC2 | Detected | No data | Detected | Detected | Not detected | - |
Steam explosions at sea after PDC2 | Detected | No data | Not detected | Not detected | Detected | - |
