Fig. 1: Structures, locations of marine sediment cores and EZ25 sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions over recent decades/centuries. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 1: Structures, locations of marine sediment cores and EZ25 sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions over recent decades/centuries.

From: Diatom lipids open window to past ocean temperatures in the polar regions

Fig. 1: Structures, locations of marine sediment cores and EZ25 sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions over recent decades/centuries.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Structures of highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) biomarkers used for the EZ25 SST proxy; b Summary maps showing the locations of the marine sediment cores described in the current study. Core names indicated by core numbers are as follows: 1. MD95-2011 (66.97°N, 7.63°E); 2. JM99-1200 (69.27°N, 16.42°E); 3. R248 MC010 (70.31°N, 12.88°E); 4. BASICC 1 (73.10°N, 25.63°E); 5. BASICC 43 (72.54°N, 45.74°E); 6. JM09-KA11-GC (74.87°N, 16.48°E); 7. M23258 (75.00°N, 13.97°E); 8. SV04 (74.96°N, 13.90°E); 9. MSM5/5-712-1 (78.92°N, 6.77°E); 10. 910 A (80.26°N, 6.59°E); 11. NP05-11-70GC (78.4°N, 32.42°E); 12. Kong-B (78.11°N, 14.30°E); 13. BC 660 (53.78°S, 38.13°W); 14. ODP 1098 (64.87°S; 64.23°W); 15. JPC-10 (64.88°S, 64.20°W); 16. BC 523 (67.86°S, 68.20°W); c EZ25-based SST records spanning the past ca. 150 yr from locations in the Arctic (cores 3 (R248 MC010; orange line), 4 (BASICC 1; dark blue line) and 5 (BASICC 43; black line)) and the Antarctic/Southern Ocean (cores 13 (BC 660; red line) and 16 (BC 523; purple line)). Coloured dots on the SST scale refer to modern Spring/Summer SSTs at the core locations (see main text for details). The standard error for the EZ25 SST proxy ( ± 2.8 °C) based on a previous water column calibration32 is shown as a black vertical error bar symbol; d summary compilation of temperature records for Western Svalbard over the past ca. 2,000 yr: EZ25-based SST (core 9; MSM5/5-712-1; dark blue line); GDGT-based mean air temperature (core 9; MSM5/5-712-1; purple line38); SIMMAX (foraminifera transfer function) sub-surface (50 m) temperature (core 9; MSM5/5-712-1; red line35); alkenone-based mean June–August air temperature (core 12; Kong-B; black line39); pan-Arctic 2k temperature anomaly (light grey line40). The dark blue dot refers to the maximum (summer) SST at the core location (see main text for details). The standard errors for the different proxies are shown as vertical error bar symbols using the same colours as the corresponding data plots. Maps were produced using Ocean Data View (source: http://odv.awi.de/).

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