Fig. 2: Spatial gradients and transition patterns of VLM across European coastal zones.
From: European coastal deformation drives unequal exposure to climate hazards
a Latitudinal variations of VLM, showing the transition from Nordic uplift to Mediterranean subsidence. Orange dots are medians, and the blue line is a smooth curve. b Coastal-to-inland VLM transitions, grouped by distance. c VLM distribution across regions, compared with violin and box plots. d Standardized VLM density distributions for each region, normalized using the median-MAD method. By synthesizing the latitudinal gradient at the continental scale, the coast-to-inland transition, and regional variability, this visualization provides the physical and statistical basis for the exposure framework.
