Fig. 3: Gender diversity association in the co-authorship networks of researchers.
Results of gender diversity-association analysis in the co-authorship networks relative to the randomized null model, showing how gender diversity of junior co-authors in the established period correlates with that of their early co-authors for individual researchers. The cohort of junior co-authors for a researcher is defined to have a high proportion of women if the percentage of women is greater than the baseline rate predicted by the null model. a, The interplay between the gender diversity of junior co-authors in the early-career and established periods of researchers, for men and women. b, Gender diversity-association effects in co-authorship networks over time, from 1960 to 2012, according to the first career years of individual researchers. c, Gender diversity-association effects by the number of junior co-authors in the early-career period. d,f, Gender diversity association across countries, for men (d) and women (f). e,g, Statistical distribution of gender diversity-association effect Δc of countries with at least 100 researchers, for men (e) and women (g). We select the top-20 countries with the largest number of established researchers and arrange them according to the continents they belong to. Bars in a and c represent mean values and error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals; the error bars in c are too small to be graphically visible. Lines denote mean values and shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals in b. We report effect sizes using the Cohen’s d statistic and use two-sided t-tests for comparisons. P values reported in the plot are adjusted by the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons. ***P < 0.001.
