Fig. 2: VEP diagnostic mapping for spontaneous seizures (empirical data).

a, SEEG recordings from one seizure in a 23-year-old female patient. The left axis shows the names of the selected electrode channels. b, Posterior distribution of the EVs (higher value indicates higher probability of seizure) for ten selected regions obtained from the HMC pipeline. Each violin plot shows the distribution of the entire data range using a kernel density estimate. The three bars represent the 25th percentile, the median and the 75th percentile, respectively. All violin plots in this paper follow the same format. c, Heatmap of the left O2 identified by VEP (in red) shown in a preoperative T1-MRI. d, Heatmap of the left O2 identified by VEP (in red) shown in a postoperative T1-MRI. e, The left O2 (in red) was projected on the patient’s 3D meshes.