Fig. 1: Map of the study area in the WTSP showing the stations sampled for Fe uptake experiments.

Near the Tonga volcanic arc, we sampled 3 stations (Tonga arc stations) along a spatial gradient going from the shallowest station (S10-H, where hydrothermal signals were recorded) to two farther stations located 5 NM (S10-A) and 10 NM westward (S10-B ~2000 m). S11 and S12 were situated further west (~90 NM from the Tonga volcanic arc, named western stations) in the Lau basin. Arrows indicate the westward flowing South Equatorial Current (7–10 cm s−1 [50]). The base map shows the bathymetry in meters.