Fig. 4: Temporal profiles of major producers of enzymes involved in VFAs production.

Relative abundance and phylogenetic origin of bacterial enzymes involved in butyrate, propionate and acetate production in the metaproteomes of RWS and TWS (1 and 2 indicate the biological duplicates). Taxonomic affiliation of proteins at the genus level. Proteins belonging to the same bacterial phylum were represented with the same color palette: Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidota) (blue), Firmicutes (Bacillota)(red) and Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) (green). For butyrate biosynthesis: COG4770 (acetyl/propionyl-CoA carboxylase), COG3426 (butyrate kinase), COG1250 (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), COG1024 (enoyl-CoA hydratase), COG0183 (acetyl/butyryl-CoA acetyltransferase), COG1979 (alcohol dehydrogenase YqhD), COG1454 (alcohol dehydrogenase, class IV), COG1028 (short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase), COG1064 (Zn-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase). For propionate biosynthesis: COG4799/0777 (acetyl/propionyl-CoA carboxylase), COG2185/COG1884 (methylmalonyl-CoA mutase), COG0346 (methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase). For acetate production: COG1012 (NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase), COG0282 (acetate kinase).