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A systemic approach to the psychology of racial bias within individuals and society

Nature Reviews Psychology volume 2, pages 392–406 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Historically, the field of psychology has focused on racial biases at an individual level, considering the effects of various stimuli on individual racial attitudes and biases. This approach has provided valuable information, but not enough focus has been placed on the systemic nature of racial biases. In this Review, we examine the bidirectional relation between individual-level racial biases and broader societal systems through a systemic lens. We argue that systemic factors operating across levels — from the interpersonal to the cultural — contribute to the production and reinforcement of racial biases in children and adults. We consider the effects of five systemic factors on racial biases in the USA: power and privilege disparities, cultural narratives and values, segregated communities, shared stereotypes and nonverbal messages. We discuss evidence that these factors shape individual-level racial biases, and that individual-level biases shape systems and institutions to reproduce systemic racial biases and inequalities. We conclude with suggestions for interventions that could limit the effects of these influences and discuss future directions for the field.

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Fig. 1: Diagram of nested levels of influence.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank K. G. Rogbeer, J. Tran and B. MacDonald for assistance in proofreading and formatting earlier drafts of this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    Allison L. Skinner-Dorkenoo

  2. Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Meghan George, Sirenia Sánchez & Sylvia P. Perry

  3. Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA

    James E. Wages III

  4. Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Sylvia P. Perry

  5. Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Sylvia P. Perry

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Skinner-Dorkenoo, A.L., George, M., Wages, J.E. et al. A systemic approach to the psychology of racial bias within individuals and society. Nat Rev Psychol 2, 392–406 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z

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