Table 1 Theoretical concepts and causal mechanisms.

From: Does climate action bring peace? Assessing the geopolitics of renewables using global investment data

Independent variable

Causal mechanism

Dependent variable

Definition of “peace”

Theoretical concept

Total renewable investment

Renewables bring economic development and prosperity

GDP per capita

Absence of internal or external conflict

Capitalist peace

Distributed renewable investment

Renewables foster energy democracy

Democracy

Absence of (interstate) war

Democratic peace

Distributed renewable investment

Renewables increase individual economic empowerment and reduce vulnerability

Human development; stability/violence

Absence of domestic/local violence & conflict

Human security

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