Table 4 Results of the one-way MANOVA analyzing landslide hazards in relation to economic and non-economic loss and damage (L&D) risk factors

Landslide

Variables for economic loss and damage

Decrease in ecosystem services

10.369

0.000

1.000

Decreases value of property

4.770

0.001

0.945

Irreversible loss of natural resources

6.832

0.000

0.992

Decrease in agricultural yield

8.076

0.000

0.998

Decreases in development opportunities

3.296

0.014

0.822

Infrastructure damage

5.033

0.001

0.956

Property damage

3.225

0.016

0.812

Damage to agricultural land

7.007

0.000

0.993

Costs incurred related to evacuation and resettlement

12.415

0.000

1.000

Disruption of communication systems

5.348

0.001

0.967

Costs associated with migration

5.319

0.001

0.966

Community experiences the cost of relief and recovery

6.231

0.000

0.985

Suffered fatalities

3.009

0.022

0.780

Detrimental effects on mental health

4.717

0.002

0.942

Loss of cultural traditions or sites

3.426

0.012

0.837

Decreases in biodiversity

3.074

0.020

0.790

Deterioration of community and social networks

6.098

0.000

0.983

Impacts on sense of identity

4.232

0.003

0.913

Decrease in the quality of ecosystem services

2.705

0.035

0.729

Decrease in resource control

7.050

0.000

0.993

Harm to cultural or traditional practices

9.264

0.000

0.999

Weakened the social structure

6.823

0.000

0.992

Loss of natural appearance or scenic landscapes

4.502

0.002

0.930

Damage to historical land

5.237

0.001

0.963

Displacement

3.451

0.011

0.840

Deterioration of social connections

5.585

0.000

0.973

Changes in dietary practices

6.345

0.000

0.987

Disruption of daily activities

3.028

0.022

0.783

Impacts on capacity to travel

11.196

0.000

0.988

Prompted family members to migrate

6.449

0.000

0.988