Table 5 Results of the one-way MANOVA analyzing flood hazards in relation to economic and non-economic loss and damage (L&D) risk factors

Flood

Variables for economic loss and damage

Disruption of communication systems

4.427

0.001

0.966

Businesses face interruption costs

3.282

0.007

0.889

Damage to energy infrastructure

5.222

0.000

0.986

Property damage

2.488

0.033

0.772

Decreases in development opportunities

2.236

0.052

0.719

Decrease in tourism revenue

3.717

0.003

0.928

Suffered fatalities

3.338

0.006

0.895

Detrimental effects on mental health

3.571

0.004

0.916

Deterioration of community and social networks

2.363

0.041

0.747

Decrease in the quality of ecosystem services

2.212

0.055

0.714

Damage to historical land

2.246

0.043

0.743

Displacement

2.427

0.037

0.760

Harder to access clean water

2.650

0.024

0.802

Changes in dietary practices

3.265

0.007

0.887

Disruption of daily activities

3.074

0.011

0.865

Prompted family members to migrate

2.497

0.032

0.774

Impact on capacity to access traditional water sources

3.528

0.004

0.913