Fig. 4: Gripping Biobots utilize muscle tissue or Dorsal Vein Tissue to contract and move the setup to manipulate objects.

A i. The schematic of gripping system stimulated by electrical field which uses EMG signals taken from the hand of a subject to control the gripping mechanism. This system uses skeletal muscle tissue as the contracting unit. ii. The location of the skeletal muscle tissue on the gripper’s structure which facilitates movement of the system. iii. tissue engineered skeletal muscle from day 2 to day 45 agglutinating around the anchor from day 2²⁰. Reprinted with permission from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. B i. a gripping system in scale of millimeters using Dorsal Vein Tissue (DVT) ring as the contracting unit to make the arms get close to each other with contraction facilitating the gripping mechanism. ii. The strain density distribution and total strain energy in air when relaxing(left) and when contracting(right). iii. Displacement the right and the left tip in medium²¹. Reprinted with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry. C i. An innovative gripping system with an antagonistic pair of muscle tissues to make the manipulating arms to move in two directions. ii. the gripper’s performance showcasing its ability to hold ad pick up an object. iii. The contractile force of the tissues with respect to the electrical field with 1 Hz and 50 Hz of frequency¹⁹. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. D i. Illustration of the biohybrid hand. ii. before and after electrical stimulation (ES) of the MuMuTAs (scale bar, 5 mm). iii. Contractile force increasing with respect to electric field⁷³. Reprinted with permission from AAAS.