Table 2 Actuation mechanism and performance of fiber type, tensile artificial muscles
Stimuli | Structure | Material | Strain (%) | Work capacity (J/kg) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-twist induced | |||||
 Thermal | Fiber | MXene composite | 21 | 1.03 | |
Mandrel | PE/COCe | 50 | Â | ||
 Photo- thermal | Fiber | LCE/CNT | 49.1 | 179 | |
Twist induced | |||||
 Electro- chemical | Coil | CNT/rGO | 8.1 | 236 | |
CNT/GO | 21 | 4100 | |||
CNT/PSS | 5.8 | 730 | |||
CNT/PDDA | 4.5 | Â | |||
Coiled ply | CNT | 15.1 | 3780 | ||
Plied coil | CNT/ carbon nanoscroll | 20.11 | 2260 | ||
CNT | 1.3 | Â | |||
 Electro-thermal | Coil | CNT/LCE | 59.9 | 1207.1 | |
CNT/Elastomer | 30.5 | 850 | |||
Mandrel coil | Nylon/Silver | 55.3 | Â | ||
Plied coil | CNT/PDMS | 29.3 | 1450 | ||
 Glucose | Helical | Hydrogel/Nylon | 2.3 |  | |
 Moisture | Plied coil | Wool | 42 | 320 | |
Lotus | 33.3 | 392 | |||
 Solvent vapor | Coil | PEO-SO3/CNT | 15 | 2000 | |
Plied coil | CNT | 13.3 | 847.2 | ||
 Thermal | Coil | Nylon 6,6 | 21 | 2480 | |
Plied coil | CNT/wax | 7.3 | 1360 | ||
 RF magnetic heating | Coil | Nylon/ GO/PDMS | 30 | 3500 | |
Helical structure based twist induced | |||||
 Thermal | Spiral | Nylon | 8600 |  | |
 Moisture | Plied helical | Silk | 6000 |  | |
 Photo-chemical | Mandrel | LCE/ Azobenzene | 60 |  | |
