Table 2 Summary of language features.
Feature name/description | Feature abbreviation | Examples | Feature group | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Second-person pronouns (LIWC) | “You” Pronouns | “you”, “yours”, “you’ll”, “y’all” | Pronouns | LIWC |
Third-person plural pronouns (LIWC) | “They” Pronouns | “they”, “their”, “themselves”, “they’ll” | Pronouns | LIWC |
Personal Pronouns (LIWC) | Personal Pronouns | All of the above, and third-person singular pronouns (“he”, “she”, “it”) | Pronouns | LIWC |
First-person singular pronouns (LIWC) | “I” Pronouns | “I”, “I’ll”, “mine”, “my”, “myself” | Pronouns | LIWC |
First-person plural pronouns (LIWC) | “We” Pronouns | “we”, “us”, “ours”, “let’s” | Pronouns | LIWC |
Past-oriented language (LIWC) | Past-Oriented | “ago”, “yesterday”, “remember” | Time Orientation | LIWC |
Present-oriented language (LIWC) | Present-Oriented | “now”, “current”, “is” | Time Orientation | LIWC |
Future-oriented language (LIWC) | Future-Oriented | “we’ll”, “upcoming”, “eventual” | Time Orientation | LIWC |
Negative emotionality (EmoLex) | Negative | “frustrated”, “scream”, “hurt”, “loathe” | Emotional Polarity | EmoLex |
Positive emotionality (EmoLex) | Positive | “calm”, “peace”, “love”, “enjoy”, “satisfied” | Emotional Polarity | EmoLex |
“Checking for understanding” phrases (active listening) | Checking for Understanding | “it sounds like”, “that seems”, “heard you correctly”, “you sound”, “let me make sure” | Therapist Tactics | Althoff et al.30 |
“Demonstrating understanding” phrases (active listening) | Demonstrating Understanding | “I hear you”, “I see”, “I understand” | Therapist Tactics | This study |
“Hedging” phrases (active listening) | Hedging | “maybe”, “from my perspective”, “apparently” | Therapist Tactics | Althoff et al.30 |
“Absolutist” phrases (non-judgmental stance) | Absolutist | “absolutely”, “always”, “completely”, “everyone”, “must”, “never”, “nothing” | Therapist Tactics | Al-Mosaiwi, & Johnston105 |
Average seconds per talk turn | Seconds per Talk Turn | N/A | Paralinguistic Style | This study |
Therapist to patient ratio of seconds per talk turn | Seconds per Talk Turn (Ratio) | N/A | Paralinguistic Style | This study |
Average number of words spoken per second | Words per Second | N/A | Paralinguistic Style | This study |
Therapist to patient ratio of words spoken per second | Words per Second (Ratio) | N/A | Paralinguistic Style | This study |
