Fig. 2: FCM cognitive and behavioral profiles.

a Graph network representing the FCM clustering results (on the ABCD 9-11 y data), including the mapped BANDA and GESTE datasets. Grey nodes represent subjects, and edges represent the membership values between a single subject and each cluster’s centroid. b, c Graph networks representing the independent FCM clustering results for ABCD 11-13 y and 13–15 y follow-ups. d–h Radar plot of the mean values (with standard deviation) stratified by clusters for each behavioral symptom and cognitive variable for each cohort or follow-up. d ABCD 9-11 y follow-up. e ABCD 11–13 y follow-up. f ABCD 13–15 y follow-up. g. BANDA. h GESTE. Participants were grouped based on their primary profile (the highest membership value) for the radar plots. ***p < 0.001. Scores are scaled for visualization purposes. VA Verbal Ability, EFPS Executive Function and Processing Speed, MEM Memory, Ext Externalization, Int Internalization, MC/HSI Profile with moderate cognitive scores and high stress/internalizing behavioral symptoms, MC/HE Profile with moderate cognitive scores and high externalizing behavioral symptoms, HC/LB Profile with high cognitive scores and low behavioral symptoms, LC/LB Profile with low cognitive scores and low behavioral symptoms