Table 2 Meta-Analyzed Associations of Wave 1 Dispositional Forgivingness With Wave 2 Outcomes

From: Longitudinal associations of dispositional forgivingness with multidimensional well-being: a two-wave outcome-wide analysis in the Global Flourishing Study

Outcome	Model 1					Model 2
Outcome	RR	ES	95% CI	τ	Global p-value	RR	ES	95% CI	τ	Global p-value
Human Flourishing
Secure Flourishing Index		0.07	(0.06, 0.09)	0.03	1.7e-15***		0.02	(0.01, 0.02)	0.01	2.07e-03**
Flourishing Index		0.08	(0.06, 0.09)	0.03	1.7e-15***		0.02	(0.01, 0.02)	0.01	5.07e-04***
Psychological Well-Being
Happiness		0.04	(0.03, 0.06)	0.03	2.55e-15***		−0.00	(−0.01, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.485
Life satisfaction		0.04	(0.03, 0.05)	0.03	2.55e-15***		−0.00	(−0.01, 0.00)	< 0.01†	0.441
Current life evaluation		0.03	(0.01, 0.04)	0.03	5.11e-15***		−0.01	(−0.02, 0.00)	0.02	4.74e-03**
Future life evaluation		0.04	(0.03, 0.05)	0.03	5.11e-15***		0.00	(−0.01, 0.02)	0.02	0.022*
Optimism		0.06	(0.05, 0.07)	0.03	2.19e-15***		0.02	(0.01, 0.03)	< 0.01†	2.54e-04***
Freedom to pursue what’s important		0.04	(0.02, 0.05)	0.02	5.11e-15***		−0.01	(−0.02, −0.00)	< 0.01†	0.009*
Inner peace	1.02		(1.02, 1.03)	0.02	5.08e-15***	1.01		(1.00, 1.01)	0.01	3.79e-05***
Life balance	1.02		(1.02, 1.03)	0.01	5.11e-15***	1.01		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	1.33e-04***
Sense of mastery	1.02		(1.01, 1.02)	0.01	5.11e-15***	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	0.034*
Meaningful activities		0.05	(0.03, 0.06)	0.03	2.55e-15***		−0.00	(−0.01, 0.00)	< 0.01†	0.163
Understanding purpose		0.06	(0.04, 0.07)	0.02	2.55e-15***		0.00	(−0.00, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.012*
Self-rated mental health		0.05	(0.03, 0.06)	0.02	4.6e-15***		0.00	(−0.00, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.324
Psychological Distress
Traumatic distress	1.00		(0.99, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.039*	1.00		(0.99, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.296
Depression symptoms composite	0.99		(0.99, 1.00)	< 0.01†	1.44e-08***	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.708
Anxiety symptoms composite	0.99		(0.99, 1.00)	< 0.01†	2.58e-10***	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.240
Suffering	1.00		(0.99, 1.00)	0.01	8.83e-05***	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	0.646
Social Well-Being
Relationship contentment		0.06	(0.05, 0.07)	0.02	5.04e-15***		0.01	(0.01, 0.02)	< 0.01†	0.073
Relationship satisfaction		0.05	(0.04, 0.07)	0.02	5.11e-15***		0.01	(0.00, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.508
Social support		0.05	(0.03, 0.06)	0.03	2.13e-15***		0.02	(0.01, 0.03)	0.02	5.29e-05***
Intimate/close friend	1.02		(1.01, 1.02)	< 0.01†	5.11e-15***	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	0.031*
Government approval	1.01		(1.01, 1.02)	0.01	5.46e-06***	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	0.016*
Say in government	1.01		(1.01, 1.02)	0.01	1.23e-12***	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	0.174
Belonging in country		0.05	(0.04, 0.07)	0.02	4.88e-15***		0.02	(0.01, 0.02)	< 0.01†	0.013*
City/place satisfaction	1.01		(1.01, 1.02)	0.01	2.04e-14***	1.01		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	1.07e-05***
Trust within country	1.02		(1.01, 1.03)	0.01	5.03e-15***	1.01		(1.01, 1.02)	< 0.01†	2.2e-08***
Social Participation
Ever been married	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.937	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.973
Currently divorced	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.989	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.991
Number of children		0.01	(0.00, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.724		0.01	(−0.00, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.250
Weekly+ community participation	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	0.387	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.986
Weekly+ religious attendance	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.020*	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.732
Social Distress
Loneliness		−0.04	(−0.05, −0.02)	0.02	5.11e-15***		0.00	(−0.00, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.717
Perceived discrimination	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	1.9e-07***	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	1.55e-05***
Character & Prosocial Behavior
Orientation to promote good		0.08	(0.07, 0.10)	0.03	1.7e-15***		0.04	(0.03, 0.05)	0.02	1.54e-12***
Delayed gratification		0.06	(0.05, 0.08)	0.03	2.55e-15***		0.03	(0.02, 0.04)	0.02	5.33e-11***
Hope		0.07	(0.06, 0.09)	0.02	1.7e-15***		0.02	(0.01, 0.03)	< 0.01†	0.016*
Gratitude		0.08	(0.06, 0.09)	0.04	2.54e-15***		0.03	(0.02, 0.04)	0.01	2.04e-07***
Showing love/care		0.08	(0.07, 0.10)	0.03	2.54e-15***		0.04	(0.03, 0.05)	< 0.01†	4.77e-06***
Forgivingness	1.13		(1.10, 1.16)	0.07	3.4e-16***	1.12		(1.09, 1.15)	0.07	4.54e-16***
Charitable giving	1.02		(1.01, 1.02)	< 0.01†	6.56e-07***	1.01		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	0.030*
Helping strangers	1.02		(1.01, 1.03)	0.01	5.11e-15***	1.01		(1.01, 1.02)	< 0.01†	1.36e-05***
Volunteering	1.01		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	2.15e-04***	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.451
Physical Health & Health Behavior
Self-rated physical health		0.03	(0.02, 0.04)	0.02	5.11e-15***		0.00	(−0.01, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.783
Health problems	1.00		(0.99, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.206	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.824
Pain in past 4 weeks	1.00		(0.99, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.443	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.748
Daily smoker	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.339	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.052
Number of drinks per week		−0.01	(−0.02, −0.00)	< 0.01†	0.380		−0.00	(−0.01, 0.00)	< 0.01†	0.776
Days exercise per week		0.03	(0.02, 0.04)	0.01	3.39e-05***		0.01	(0.00, 0.02)	0.01	0.063
Socioeconomic Outcomes
Financial security		0.02	(0.01, 0.03)	0.02	6.84e-13***		−0.00	(−0.01, 0.00)	< 0.01†	0.625
Material security		0.02	(0.01, 0.04)	0.02	5.11e-15***		0.00	(−0.00, 0.01)	< 0.01†	0.109
Educational attainment (16+ years)	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.821	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.854
Currently employed	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.971	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.969
Financially comfortable/getting by	1.00		(1.00, 1.01)	< 0.01†	4.55e-07***	1.00		(0.99, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.574
Own home	1.00		(0.99, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.016*	1.00		(0.99, 1.00)	0.01	0.033*
Income -- top quintile	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.896	1.00		(1.00, 1.00)	< 0.01†	0.756

Note. N = 207,919; Reference for dispositional forgivingness: Never/rarely; RR, risk-ratio, null effect is 1.00; ES, effect size measure for standardized regression coefficient, null effect is 0.00; CI, confidence interval; τ (tau, heterogeneity), estimated standard deviation of the distribution of effects; Global p-value, joint test of the null hypothesis that the country-specific Wald tests are null in all countries.
Multiple imputation was performed to impute missing data on the covariates, exposure, and outcomes. Model 1 controlled for sociodemographic and childhood factors assessed at Wave 1: relationship with mother growing up; relationship with father growing up; parent marital status around age 12; experienced abuse growing up (except for Israel); felt like an outsider in family growing up; self-rated health growing up; subjective financial status growing up; frequency of religious service attendance around age 12; year of birth; gender; education; employment status; marital status; immigration status; religious affiliation; frequency of religious service attendance; and racial/ethnic identity when available. Model 2 controlled for all variables included in Model 1, and additionally controlled for the first seven principal components of the entire set of Wave 1 outcomes (except for dispositional forgivingness). Selected outcome variables were not assessed in certain countries, including government approval in China and Egypt, belonging in country in China, and say in government in China.
An outcome-wide analytic approach was used, and a separate model was run for each outcome. A different type of model was run depending on the nature of the outcome: (1) for each binary outcome, a weighted generalized linear model (with a log link and Poisson distribution) was used to estimate a RR; and (2) for each continuous outcome, a weighted linear regression model was used to estimate an ES. All effect sizes were standardized. For binary outcomes, the RR represents the change in risk of being in the upper category compared to the lower category between the lower and upper categories of dispositional forgivingness. For continuous outcomes, the ES represents the change (in standard deviations) on the outcome between the lower and upper categories of dispositional forgivingness.
p-value significance thresholds: p < 0.05*, p < 0.005**, (Bonferroni) p < 0.00089***, correction for multiple testing to significant threshold; †: Estimate of τ (tau, heterogeneity) is likely unstable. See forest plots in the Supplemental File for more detail on heterogeneity of effects.

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Table 2 Meta-Analyzed Associations of Wave 1 Dispositional Forgivingness With Wave 2 Outcomes

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