Extended Data Fig. 3: Spatial contrasts in the hydrological effects of afforestation.

Responses of evapotranspiration (E) (a), precipitation (P) (b) and water availability (P–E) (c) to afforestation and the proportion (%) of land area with a negative P–E response to afforestation (d) binned as a function of P–E. The land pixels are sorted and divided into 20 bins at intervals of 5% according to their monthly or annual P–E. Hatching in panels a–c denotes that changes in E (a), P (b) or P–E (c) are statistically significant (P < 0.05) according to two-sided Student’s t test. For panel d, the land area is calculated using a spatially weighted mean to account for the change in pixel size with latitude. The first 12 columns denote monthly values, and the last column (labeled as Y) denotes annual values. The results are calculated based on the Duveiller et al.³³ and Link et al.³⁴ datasets.