Fig. 1: Regulation and highly ionized characteristics of PA–SNFC membranes. | Nature Water

Fig. 1: Regulation and highly ionized characteristics of PA–SNFC membranes.

From: Nanofiltration membranes with ultra-high negative charge density for enhanced anion sieving and removal of organic micropollutants

Fig. 1: Regulation and highly ionized characteristics of PA–SNFC membranes.

a, Schematic illustration of highly ionized membranes prepared by the SNFC–RIP process. b,c, XPS O 1s high-resolution spectra (b) and corresponding KPFM images of the lowly ionized membrane (fewest SNFC dosage of 1.43 μg cm−2) and highly ionized membrane (highest SNFC dosage of 7.14 μg cm−2) (c). d, Zeta potential of PA–SNFC membranes with different SNFC dosages. Error bars represent the standard deviation (s.d., n = 3, n derived from different experimental units) and data are presented as mean values ± s.d. e, Comparison of the charge densities of PA–SNFC and other state-of-the-art membranes5,13,20,22,45,46,47. The green shading represents PA-SNFC membranes with different SNFC dosages.

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