Correction to: Nature Water https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00473-0, published online 6 August 2025.

In the version of this article initially published, in Box 1, the expression on line (2), now reading “CaCO3 + HNO3 → Ca2+ + HCO3 + NO3”, was originally written as “CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca2+ + HCO3 + 2NO3”, and is now updated in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.