Fig. 2: Large-scale analysis of β-lactam growth inhibition.

a The relative efficacy of 89 different β-lactams was assessed at a final concentration of 5 nM against in vitro cultured T. pallidum and grouped based on classification. Growth inhibition was determined by the percentage of cells that remained after treatment, relative to untreated control cultures treated with the appropriate diluent (water or DMSO). Other antibiotics included Aztrenoam, Sulbeniciillin sodium, Sultamicillin, Pevmecillinam hydrochloride, Adminocillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid, 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid, Ceftiofur (3rd generation, but only used in veterinary medicine). Penems included Faropenem, Doripenem, and Ertapenem. Doxycycline and tetracycline were included for comparative purposes. Red, and green data points represent benzathine penicillin G and ceftriaxone, respectively. A complete list of the antibiotic panel can be found in Supplementary Table 1. b Data collected in a were further broken down by generation. Red, and green data points represent benzathine penicillin G and ceftriaxone, respectively. c The top 25% of compounds tested in a, b were re-evaluated on separate cultures and batches of media and grouped based on class. Data shown represent mean values (±s.d.) of two independent cultures.