Table 2 Natural products clinically used for treating infections with apicomplexan parasites
From: A review of natural products as a source of next-generation drugs against apicomplexan parasites
Disease (Parasite) | Host | Drug class | Compound | Source | Mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) | Humans | Sesquiterpene lactone | Artemisinin | Artemisia annua | Adebayo et al. 202092 Tilley et al. 201693 | |
Cinchona alkaloid | Quinine | Cinchona tree bark | Production of toxic haem products87. | Sullivan et al. 199887 | ||
Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum) | Calves | Aminoglycoside antibiotic | Paromomycin | Streptomyces spp. | Inhibits protein synthesis of bacterial ribosomes212. | De Stasio et al. 1989212 Armitage et al. 1992122 |
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) | Humans | Macrolide antibiotics | Spiramycin | Streptomyces ambofaciens | Inhibits apicoplast protein synthesis95. | Pfefferkorn et al. 199495 |
Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.) | Poultry Cattle Sheep Goats | Polyether ionophores | Monensin Narasin Lasalocid Salinomycin | Streptomyces spp. | Disrupts cation homeostasis110. | Smith, Galloway & White, 1981110 |
Maduramicin Semduramicin | Actinomadura spp. | |||||
Babesiosis (Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens) | Cattle | Tetracycline Antibiotic | Oxytetracycline | Streptomyces rimosus | Structural analogues inhibit apicoplast protein synthesis129. | Dahl et al. 2006129 |
