Fig. 4: ARGs and taxonomic abundance associate with clustering patterns observed in PCoA.

A PCoA plot of ARG abundance, coloured according to distinct clusters. The figure boxplot insert shows the distribution of log-transformed (base 10) RPKM values across the three clusters; the red boxplot represents high-ARG cluster, and the blue boxplot represents moderate-ARG cluster while the green boxplot represents the low-ARG cluster. Asterisk (***) indicate statistically significant differences between the clusters. Curved contour lines represent density estimates for each cluster. B Mean relative abundance difference between clusters for the top 30 taxa. Holm adjusted p-values are displayed as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. C Proportion of samples from each income group within the three clusters. P-value computed using Fisher’s exact test.